Bazaars are among the few historical buildings that still continue to operate. The Bazaar in a city has been important not only from economic aspects but also from cultural and social aspects. Today, the empty space of such urban spaces, which can become a lasting space by creating a sense of belonging and peace, while meeting the needs of today's people, is felt very much. Sound is one of the main factors in creating memories in the human mind. In order to investigate the role of sound in the traditional architecture of Iran, a research was conducted in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The final goal of this research is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative conditions of the sound using sound meter software in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The permissible level of noise Pollution in urban spaces is 60 decibels based on the resolution of the Supreme Council of Environmental Protection of Iran for commercial areas. The results of this research indicate that in the quietest conditions, the noise Pollution for at least 33% of the Bazzar space is higher than the maximum allowed amount of noise Pollution. How to improve the sound conditions in Vakil Bazzar, such as reducing noise by creating a masking sound source, creating a pond and a fountain, is one of the most important results of this research.

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. The results showed that the factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social factors, 2. Psychological factors, 3. Cultural factors, 4. Family factors, 5. Personal factors, 6. Relational factors, 7. Economic factors, 8. Media factors, 9. Contextual factors. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The Social factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and their “Love Schema”. Cultural factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” and “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic factors are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual factors were including the Role of “Age” and “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men and youth in Iran, more than other Social Groups.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

1هدف از این پژوهش بررسی عوامل موثر بر شکل گیری مدارس پیشرو می باشد، تا در آموزش و پرورش ایران مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. برای این منظور ابتدا با توجه به پیشینه تحقیق و مبانی نظری چهارچوب مفهومی در زمینه مولفه های یک مدرسه کارآمد و پیشرو ارایه گردید. این تحقیق از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی وتوسعه ای وروش آن ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع، از ﻧﻮع ترکیبی، و ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ روﺷﻬﺎی کمی و کیفی می باشد.. جامعه آماری این پژوهش، شامل کلیه مدیران و دبیران شاغل  در مدارس منطقه 15 و 16 شهر تهران می باشد.طبق اطلاعات بدست آمده جامعه آماری حدود 3000  نفرمی باشد. حجم نمونه با استفاده از جدول مورگان 344 نفر برآورد شده است. برای نمونه گیری در این پژوهش از روش نمونه گیری طبقه ای استفاده شد،که 84 نفر از مدیران و 260 نفر از دبیران در مطالعه حاضر، شرکت کرده اند. ابزار این پژوهش پرسشنامه محقق ساخته می باشد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها و پاسخ به سؤال های پژوهش، از آزمون ضریب همبستگی و تحلیل عاملی  استفاده شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان دادند که مولفه های مدیریت ورهبری، عوامل پژوهشی، عوامل آموزشی، منابع انسانی، بودجه و زیرساخت ها، فناوری و تجهیزات به عنوان مولفه های اصلی شکل گیری مدارس پیشرو می باشند که مولفه عوامل آموزشی بیشترین سهم را دارد.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

کلان شهر تبریز به عنوان بزرگ ترین شهر در شمال غرب کشور در دهه های اخیر با رشد فزاینده جمعیت و توسعه انواع سازه های صنعتی، تجاری، خدماتی و مسکونی روبرو بوده است. توسعه فزاینده به موازات عدم رعایت معیارهای برنامه ریزی کاربری اراضی زمینه افزایش آلودگی هوا در سطح شهر شده است. پژوهش حاضر برای آگاهی از عوامل ایجادکننده آلودگی هوا در سطح شهر تبریز انجام گرفته است. روش تحقیق توصیفی و تحلیلی و نوع اطلاعات اسنادی-کتابخانه ای می باشد. در این راستا از هشت شاخص تراکم ساختمانی، تراکم جمعیتی، تراکم تقاطع ها، تراکم ایستگاه های اتوبوس، تراکم صنایع، تراکم فضاهای سبز، فاصله از صنایع و ارتفاع به عنوان متغیرهای مستقل و شاخص غلظت دی اکسید نیتروژن به عنوان متغیر وابسته و همچنین جریان باد به عنوان یک عامل انتشار دهنده استفاده شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از دو روش رگرسیون حداقل مربعات و رگرسیون وزنی جغرافیایی استفاده گردید. نتایج حاصل از روش حداقل مربعات معمولی نشان می دهد که رابطه بین متغیرهای مستقل و وابسته معنادار بوده به طوری که با افزایش تراکم ساختمانی، تراکم جمعیتی، تراکم تقاطع ها، تراکم ایستگاه های اتوبوس و تراکم صنایع غلظت دی اکسید نیتروژن افزایش می یابد. در واقع بین این متغیرها و غلظت دی اکسید نیتروژن همبستگی مستقیمی وجود دارد. در مقابل، با افزایش ارتفاع و افزایش فاصله از صنایع غلظت آلاینده مذکور کاهش می یابد که نشان دهنده وجود همبستگی معکوس بین این دو متغیر و متغیر وابسته دی اکسید نیتروژن می باشد. همچنین براساس نتایج مدل رگرسیون جغرافیایی متغیرهای مورد بررسی 62 درصد از آلودگی هوای شهر تبریز را تبیین می کنند.

کاهش آلودگی و دست یابی به اقتصادی همراه با محیط زیست پاک یکی از موضوع های مهم در در دهه های اخیر است. در این پژوهش با رویکردی کلان، به ارزیابی عوامل اقتصادی موثر بر آلودگی زیست محیطی در ایران در سال های 1392-1350 پرداخته شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان دادند که اثر متغیر مصرف انرژی در سطح بالایی از اهمیت آماری برخوردار است، به گونه ای که انتظار می رود با افزایش سرانه مصرف انرژی به مقدار 10 درصد، سرانه انتشار آلودگی در بلندمدت حدود 8 درصد و در کوتاه مدت حدود 6 درصد افزایش یابد. با 10 درصد افزایش در رشد جمعیت شهرنشینی انتظار می رود سرانه انتشار CO2 در بلندمدت حدود 1.2 درصد و در کوتاه مدت حدود 0.86 درصد کاهش یابد. شاخص آزادسازی تجاری با اثرگذاری ناچیز، تاثیری منفی بر انتشار آلودگی دارد. بنابراین، نمی توان ایران را به گونه طبیعی از نگرانی های زیست محیطی مصون دانست و پیشنهاد می شود در سطوح مقادیر درآمد سرانه بالاتر از 2300 دلار (تقعر دوم منحنی)که روند افزایش آلودگی شتاب بیش تری می یابد، با جدیدت بیشتری به دنبال روش های کنترل آلودگی بود.